Continuous pretzel dough manufacture

ABSTRACT

A process and system are provided for the continuous production of a uniform density pretzel dough. The ingredients of the pretzel dough are continuously supplied to a continuous operating assemblage and the dough is continuously produced, utilizing a relatively short retention time in the mixer. Within the continuous operating assemblage are mixing units and conveying units in ratio of approximately three to one, respectively.

TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to the manufacture and production of yeastleavened dough by an integrated, continuous process, including thecontinuous feeding of necessary components of the dough, the continuousmixing and conveying thereof, and the continuous discharging of theresulting thoroughly mixed, blended, and homogenized dough, for furthertreatment into a finished product. More specifically this inventionrelates to a process to continuously manufacture pretzel dough, and theapparatus to perform that process, in which the continuous pretzelmanufacturing includes the automatic feeding of the raw ingredients intoa continuous operating assemblage. In this assemblage both mixing andconveying units are present in a ratio of approximately 3 to 1. Thisprocess and apparatus give the baker control of the pretzel doughmanufacturing steps which in turn allows him to produce a pretzel doughof consistent quality at a reduced manufacturing time.

BACKGROUND ART

The art of the production of food-grade dough is replete with differenttypes and classifications of inventions dealing with dough productionincluding simple techniques to relatively sophisticated procedures.However, the production of pretzel dough, or other yeast levened dough,as nearly as can be determined, has heretofore been accomplished bybatch-type processes or operations, as opposed to a continuous doughproduction process.

Batch-type pretzel manufacturing is subject to inefficiencies which leadto inconsistent quality in the final product. The inefficiencies arisewhen a batch or quantity of raw ingredients are mixed into a dough. Incommercial operations it is desirable to mix a large quantity of dough.This dough is then extruded into a pretzel shape and further processed.The time lapse between the extrusion of the initial portion of the doughto the last portion of the dough in a particular batch causesdifferences in the aging of the dough.

The differences and variations within a batch of dough are a result of asignificant problem of gluten formation in batch operations. Forexample, if a pretzel dough in a batch prepared process is permitted tosit prior to submersion in the sodium hydroxide bath, it develops asubstantial gluten structure which results in a brittle pretzel. In abatch operation, a large amount of dough is produced at one time. Oncethe dough is produced it is shaped by extrusion and then immersed orsoaked into the sodium hydroxide bath. The portion of the batch, whichis extruded last, is aged and can well result in a brittle product dueto substantial gluten development. Texture variations due to aging arealso noticeable in the surface of the final product. Instead of a shiny,"glassy" appearance, the pretzel surface will have a cracked or"shattered glass" appearance. A cracked surface causes more rapidstaling and reduces the shelf life of the product.

When aging differences from large batch operations for making pretzelsare eliminated by producing numerous smaller batches of pretzel dough,variances between batches can exist. This also causes inefficiencies inthe amount of time, equipment, and man hours required to constantly havea batch of dough mixed and prepared for extrusion and finalization ofthe product.

In commercial operations finishing of the product after the pretzeldough has been prepared by a batch operation includes taking a smallpiece of dough and then extruding and rolling it into a desired length.It is then twisted and dropped onto an elongated belt. The dough ispassed through a specially prepared hot caustic solution which gives ita golden brown color and shiny finish. Salt is then dropped on thepretzel and it is passed through an oven. By the time it comes out ofthe oven the pretzel is completely baked. The baked pretzel is thenallowed to dry to complete the extraction of as much moisture aspossible. The pretzel is then ready for packaging.

There are many variations on this basic procedure, some directed topretzel products and others to related snack-type products. Forinstance, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,876,815, a process for preparing a softpretzel is disclosed, which includes the steps of mixing vinegar withpretzel dough prior to shaping the dough into the desired pretzel shape.The shaped dough is then refrigerated for about 30 minutes at 32° F. andthereafter dipped into a caustic solution, such as sodium hydroxide, toobtain the desired color and finish. The dipped dough is then baked atabout 550° F. for about 7 minutes, during which time maximum expansionof the dough is achieved.

In U.S. Pat. No. 3,976,791 a process is disclosed for producing apretzel product which, upon cooking, remains soft for an extended periodof time, typically greater than twelve hours. The process involvespreparing a dough comprising by weight, 51 parts water, 100 parts flour,and sufficient yeast to cause the dough to rise. The dough is thenformed into the shape of a pretzel. The surface of the formed pretzel isthen saturated with sodium hydroxide solution and thereafter cooled to atemperature below -15° F. for at least one hour.

Further prior art teachings pertaining to the art of pretzel manufactureare contained in Matz, Cookie and Cracker Technology, AVI PublishingCompany, Inc. (1968), at page 147, which is incorporated herein byreference.

One prior art teaching, namely U.S. Pat. No. 3,384,494 is stated torelate to the preparation of a dry, free-flowing pastry crust mixprepared on a continuous or semi-continuous basis. This patent teaches abatch-fed mixing apparatus which can be operated continuously orsemi-continuously. The product that is produced by this patent is a dryfree-flowing mixture of basically two ingredients, flour and shortening.The process claimed to produce this pastry crust mix, involvestemperature criteria and mixing variations not required in theproduction of pretzels.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention is a method, and an apparatus to perform the method, ofcontinuously manufacturing a uniform density dough. The apparatus has atleast one feed source into a continuous operating assemblage for avariety of raw ingredients to make the dough. The raw ingredients andresultant dough pass through the continuous operating assemblage whichhas at least one mixing component and at least one conveying component.The mixing component and conveying component each have multiple mixingunits and conveying units. It is in this assemblage that the rawingredients are mixed into a uniform density dough. The uniform densitydough is then discharged at a steady rate from the apparatus. Theuniform density dough, produced by the continuous operating assemblageis transported to an extruder for shaping into a pretzel form. Theextruded dough then undergoes a curing or "skinning" process, in whichthe outer layer of dough is hardened to prevent excessive sodiumhydroxide penetration. Treating of the extruded dough into a mildalkaline metal hydroxide solution, such as sodium hydroxide, occursafter the skinning process. Topping of the extruded dough with granularsalt and baking of the dough then follow.

In the preferred embodiment of the invention, a pretzel dough of uniformdensity is made by continuously feeding and admixing flour andshortening in the front end sections of a continuous operatingassemblage, which is a substantially horizontally-disposed, intensivemixer having both mixing units and conveying units. Thereafter, apremixed aqueous solution of yeast, malt, and salt is continuously fedto said mixer in a following section, but still in the front end of theassemblage and admixed with the flour-shortening mixture. The shorteningis admixed with the flour first to assure a more uniform blend. In thismanner, avoidance of the water acting as a barrier to absorption ofshortening by the flour is accomplished. The ratio of mixing units andconveying units within the continuous operating assemblage has beenfound to be significant to the quality of the final product. Ratios ofabout three mixing units to one conveying unit, produce a pretzel doughof high quality and uniform density. A residence time in the preferredembodiment of the assemblage of 1 to 3 minutes allows for proper mixingof the dough.

The objectives achieved by this invention over the batch operations ofthe prior art used in the commercial production of pretzels and similarsnack foods include the provision of a truly continuous operation, inwhich the dough is produced at a steady rate. As a result of producingeach portion of the dough at a steady rate, inconsistencies from doughaging within a batch or between batches are eliminated. This inventionallows for the efficient production of pretzel dough in an efficientprocess not requiring the continuous production of numerous smallbatches of dough. The resultant product of this invention has aconsistent, high quality. Also included as an objective of thisinvention is the continuous production of a uniform density dough withan effective "kneading" action. It has been found that a continuousmixer or processor which effectively mixes the dough over a relativelyshort residence or retention time achieves this objective. For purposesof this invention the term, mixing, includes actions of kneading,blending, and/or shearing.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic showing of the invention and inter-relation ofthe main components thereof.

FIG. 2 is a detailed flow diagram illustrating a preferred set ofcomponents for the satisfactory continuous production of uniform densitydough.

FIG. 3 illustrates an alternative embodiment of the agitator assembly ofthe invention.

FIG. 4 illustrates an alterntive embodiment of the agitator assembly ofthe invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The method and the apparatus to perform the method of this inventioninvolve the feeding of various raw ingredients to make a dough into acontinuous operating assemblage. The raw ingredients include flour,shortening, and an aqueous solution including malt and yeast. Within thecontinuous operating assemblage are units which mix the dough, andseparate units which convey the dough through the assemblage. Uponexiting the assemblage the dough is transported to an extruder. In thepreferred embodiment the dough is pretzel dough and can be extruded or"tied" into a pretzel shape. After this, the pretzels are transportedthrough a curing or "skinning" process to harden their exterior surfaceprior to dipping into an alkali metal hydroxide solution, such as sodiumhydroxide. Baking and packing steps then follow.

The formulation of ingredients used in the continuous process and systemof the present invention is not novel. Essentially the same formulationthat is used in batch operations can be used in the continuousoperation. With pretzel dough the formulation would typically include,by weight or other convenient measurements, flour, shortening, water,yeast, malt, and salt. The pretzel dough formulation can be varied so asto produce soft or hard pretzels. The continuous process and system ofthe present invention is not dependent on any particular or specialformulation of raw ingredients. A typical formulation for use in thecontinuous production of pretzel dough is presented in Table I.

                  TABLE I                                                         ______________________________________                                                           Twist     Stick                                            Raw Ingredients    lb        lb                                               ______________________________________                                        Flour              100       100                                              Shortening         1-5       21/2-5                                           Malt               1-5       21/2-5                                           Yeast              1/4-3/8   1/4-3/8                                          Water              35-55     35-55                                            Salt               0-1/2     0-1/2                                            Optional:                                                                     Ammonium bicarbonate                                                                             1/2 oz.   21/2 oz.                                         Sodium bicarbonate 1.8 oz    --                                               Yeast food         As required                                                ______________________________________                                    

For the production of a uniform density dough, it is preferred to use acontinuous operating assemblage having a substantially,horizontally-disposed mixing barrel with a pair of side-by-sidecommunicating cylindrical chambers, one parallel with the other, withtwo agitator assemblies, one in each chamber rotating in the samedirection. The blades or elements of the first agitator assembly aremaintained in a close clearance with the blades or elements of thesecond agitator assembly as well as with the walls of the barrel.

The elements or paddles on one agitator assembly are so disposedgeometrically, with respect to the elements or paddles on the otheragitator assembly, that the elements, which are preferably lenticular inshape, experience, as between the crests or peaks and the sides orflanks of the elements, motion in a mutually opposite direction,although the shafts of both agitator assemblies are rotating in the samedirection. The rotation of the two agitator assemblies provides acontinual variation in volume between the agitator elements or bladesand the barrel in any given area of the entire unit. At the same time,the action of the agitators also creates an alternating compression andsuction of the ingredients. This, in effect, moves the ingredientsforward and backward, assuring a continual mixing and remixing withinany given section. Also, the agitator assemblies provide an overallmovement of the mass of the dough ingredients and/or the dough from theinlet to the outlet position of the assemblage.

Additional information pertaining to the type of continuous mixer thatis preferably used in the present invention can be obtained by referringto U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,419,250 and 3,618,902, which are incorporated hereinby reference. Mixers embodying the teachings of these patents arecommercially available from Teledyne Readco, of York, Pa., under thetrademark Readco.

A cursory reading of the aforementioned patents indicates that anenormous number of agitator blade or paddle variations to mix and toconvey a dough are possible. It has been found that a specific ratio andarrangement of mixing and conveying units disposed along the shaft orshafts of the assemblage is preferred in order to continuously produceuniform density dough. More particularly, a mixing unit to conveyingunit ratio of about 3 to 1 is preferred, with the shaft or shaftsrotating over a normal operating range of about 95-105 RPM, and morepreferably, about 98-100 RPM. In the preferred embodiment this range ofrotations per minute neither under mixes or over mixes the dough andmaintains a dough residence time within the assemblage of between 1 to 3minutes.

An example of the arrangement of mixing and conveying units along theirshafts would be MMMCMMMC, where "M" is the abbreviation for the mixingelement, and "C" is the abbreviation for the conveying element. Otherarrangements of the "M" and "C" units can be used, but for optimumresults the ratio of the M to the C units should be about 3 to 1. It wasfound, for example, that a 2 to 1M to C ratio was unacceptable. At thisratio there is incomplete mixing of the dough. A 4 to 1M to C ratioresults in overmixing and a stringy dough.

Acceptable arrangements of M to C units manufactured as identified anddescribed above include MMMCMMC, MMCMMMC, and MMMCMMMC. In other words,alternative embodiments of continuous operating assemblages includethose with (1) three mixing units, followed by one conveying unit,followed by two mixing units, followed by one conveying unit or (2) twomixing units, followed by one conveying unit, followed by three mixingunits, followed by one conveying unit. The preferred arrangement isthree mixing units, followed by one conveying unit, followed by threemixing units, followed by one conveying unit. Continuous operatingassemblages equivalent to this invention can have variations in theactual type and number of mixing or conveying units used.

Referring more particularly to the processing within the continuousoperating assemblage and to the drawings, a preferred embodiment of theinvention includes the following process and system conditions. It has atypical production rate of about 18 to about 19 pounds per minute orabout 1080 to about 1140 pounds per hour of the uniform density dough.The dough can be characterized as having a stiff to very stiffconsistency, but still plastic, mixable, and flowable. The residencetime of the dough in the continuous operating assemblage is about 1minute. The temperature at the exit or discharge point of the continuousoperating assemblage is about 85° to 90° F. In the continuous processand system of the invention a first liquid, an aqueous mixture of yeast,malt, and salt, and a second liquid, a shortening are each slaved to anamount of flour fed to the assemblage by a K-tron feeder and controlsystem. In other words, the amount of flour determines the amount ofwater premix and amount of shortening. A mass flow meter is used tomeasure flow of the ingredients. With the mass flow meter setup,measurement of mass flow is detected for the K-tron controller. In turn,the controller provides a signal to a positive displacement pump whichadjusts the flow rate to the proper amount. The flow rate of the flourcan also be adjusted depending on the feed rate desired for the oven.Preferably, the aqueous mixture of yeast, malt, and salt is suppliedfrom two supply tanks, which can operate simultaneously before either ofthem is shut down. In this manner, air pockets in the aqueous mixturesupply line are avoided.

With reference to FIG. 1, the process and system of the presentinvention can be viewed as comprising a strategically located continuousoperating assemblage in mixing zone A. To this a dry feed of flour, froma dry feed source B, a first wet feed of shortening from wet feed sourceC₁, and a second wet feed of the aqueous mixture from wet feed source C₂are continuously fed. The various feeds or dough-forming ingredientsenter a mixing zone in the spatial relationship shown. The resultantdough is continuously discharged after intensive mixing in thecontinuous operating assemblage.

The temperatures of the dough upon discharge from the continuousoperating assemblage is maintained below about 95° F. and preferablybelow 90° F. The assemblage in the preferred embodiment is water cooled.The purpose of the cooling of the assemblage is to prevent the heatformed by its operation from significantly adding to the temperature ofthe dough being mixed. If the dough temperature exiting the assemblageis allowed to rise above 95° F. it has too low a viscosity and begins to"run". It then becomes difficult to extrude into a pretzel shape.

The temperature of the raw ingredients upon entry into the assemblagevaries depending upon the season of the year. This is because flour orother ingredients that are used shortly after being received at a planthave not had an opportunity to be warmed or cooled to room temperature.Additionally, where tap water is used, its temperature fluctuatesaccording to variations in the weather. In the preferred embodiment ofthis invention the temperature of the water to the dough mix is variedto control the temperatures of the other raw ingredients entering theassemblage. For example, when the flour is cold or warm the admix watertemperature is increased or decreased, respectively, to bring theoverall mixture to between about 65° to 75° F. This prevents variationsin the consistency and texture of the dough due to fluctuations inambient temperatures.

Referring to FIG. 2, section A corresponds to the mixing zone in FIG. 1.Section B, which contains the flour hopper, corresponds to the dry feedsource in FIG. 1. Section C₁, the soybean oil shortening supply,corresponds to wet feed source C₁ of FIG. 1. Section C₂, containing thesupply tanks 20 and 21 and associated items, corresponds to wet feedsource C₂ of FIG. 1.

The intensive mixer or continuous operating assemblage 1 is shown. Theagitator assembly 2 runs lengthwise along the horizontally-disposedassemblage 1 and having mixing units and conveying units assembled on arotating shaft 2a, which is driven by motor 3. The vertically disposedchute 4 conducts the flour to an entrance into the assemblage 1 and iscontinually supplied by the K-tron feeder and control system 8. FIGS. 3and 4 illustrate embodiments for arrangements of mixing units andconveying units as represented by agitator assembly 2' and agitatorassembly 2".

Conventional instrumentation and control means (not shown) can bepresent to monitor and control the flour moving along conveyor belt 33.Housing 35 receives and confines the flour so that it may drop onconveyor belt 33, after passing through gate-controlled orifice 34,controlled by slide means 36.

The flour feed hopper 9, having dampers 11, is vertically disposed abovethe K-tron unit 8 and conveyor belt 33 and is continually supplied withflour from a main flour source (not shown) by air conveying through line12. Hopper or bin 9 is shaken or vibrated by bin activator 10 to providean even and uniform supply of flour to conveyor belt 33.

The shortening used in the preferred embodiment, illustrated in FIG. 2,can be soybean oil shortening. It is continuously supplied through line5 to the mixer by means of positive displacement pump 15. The mass flowof the shortening is controlled by a mass flow meter 14. Examples ofmass flow meters used in the preferred embodiment are those sold by theMicro Motion Company of Boulder, Colo. A globe valve 13 with a teeconnection is provided in the event that the flow has to be checked bymanual diversion. In a similiar manner, globe valve 41 with a teeprovides a manual diversion flow check to line 30 for the aqueousmixture flowing through line 27 and then through line 6 into theintensive mixer or assemblage 1. The aqueous mixture is pumped fromsupply tanks 20 and 21 through valves 25 and 26 by the positivedisplacement pump 28. The flow of the aqueous mixture is controlled bymass flow meter 29. Water is supplied to the supply tanks 20 and 21after being split into two streams 18 and 19 by valve 17. The yeast,malt, and salt mixture can be first added to the tanks 20 and 21 beforeor after the water is supplied, or it can be added simultaneously withthe water. Propeller mixers 38 and 40, driven by motors 37 and 39,respectively, maintain the uniformity of the mixtures in supply tanks 20and 21. The circle T and circle P symbols, as used on the flow sheetrepresent thermostats and flow control means in the various placesdesignated. The uniform density dough 31 is discharged from the exit ordischarge port 7 of the assemblage 1 and is then conveyed to theextruder. Upon exiting the assemblage 1 the uniform density dough isextruded by any suitable means for extruding 45. The extruded dough isthen cured by a means for curing 46 whereby the outer surface of thedough hardens. The cured dough is then treated with an alkali metalhydroxide solution by a means for treating 47 said dough with an alkalisolution. The treated dough is then baked by any suitable means forbaking 48.

An extruder apparatus can include, as in the preferred embodiment, ameans to form or "tie" the extruded dough into a pretzel shape. Theextruded dough is laid on a conveyor and transported for 4 to 5 minutesto permit its outer surface to harden or form a "skin". This step isknown as a skinning process. It occurs prior to dipping the dough into amild solution of sodium hydroxide and prevents excessive penetration ofthe sodium hydroxide into the interior of the pretzel.

Usual concentrations of a sodium hydroxide bath can range between 1.2%to 1.8%, depending upon the desired pretzel shape. In the preferredembodiment a 1.7% sodium hydroxide solution is used for "tie" pretzels.With stick pretzels a 1.6 to 1.8% sodium hydroxide solution is oftenused. The pretzel dough is then sprinkled with topping salt and bakedusing oven temperatures and baking times standard in the art. Standardranges for baking pretzels are between 430° to 530° F. for about 4 to 6minutes.

FIG. 2 represents a preferred embodiment for the continuous productionof uniform density pretzel dough, but as stated above, other doughs canalso be made by the process and systems of the present invention.

EXAMPLE I

In the case illustrated specifically in FIG. 2, for the continuousproduction of pretzel dough, certified flour having a density of about37 pounds per cubic foot is supplied at the rate of about 13 pounds perminute to the continuous operating assemblage. Soybean oil shortening,having a density of about 54 pounds per cubic foot at 120° F., issupplied to the assemblage at the rate of about 0.52 pounds per minute.The aqueous, yeast, malt, and salt mixture is supplied to the mixer atthe rate of about 5 pounds per minute. This produces a continuousuniform density dough at the rate of about 18.5 pounds per minute at 87°F. with a relatively short retention time in the mixer of about 1minute. The mixer units and conveying units are operated at 98 to 100RPM to achieve this residence time.

While the present invention has been described with reference toparticular embodiments, it will be understood that numerousmodifications can be made by those skilled in the art without actuallydeparting from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in theappended claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. An apparatus for continuous production ofpretzels comprising:(a) at least one feed source for a variety of rawingredients to make a dough; (b) a continuous operating assemblagehaving a plurality of mixing units and a plurality of conveying units,said mixing units and said conveying units being in a ratio of about 3to 1, respectively, said assemblage being adapted to receive and mixsaid raw ingredients into a uniform density dough, said dough beingdischarged at a steady rate from said assemblage; (c) a means forextruding said discharged dough; (d) a means for curing an exteriorlayer of said discharged dough; (e) a means for treating said cureddough in an alkali metal hydroxide solution; and (f) a means for bakingsaid treated dough.
 2. An apparatus according to claim 1 wherein saidcontinuous operating assemblage has three mixing units, followed by oneconveying unit, followed by three mixing units, followed by oneconveying unit.
 3. An apparatus according to claim 1 wherein saidcontinuous operating assemblage has three mixing units, followed by oneconveying unit, followed by two mixing units, followed by one conveyingunit.
 4. An apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said continuousoperating assemblage has two mixing units, followed by one conveyingunit, followed by three mixing units, followed by one conveying unit. 5.An apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said continuous operatingassemblage has a mass flow meter for controlling a flow rate of saiddough to between about 18 to 19 pounds per minute.
 6. An apparatusaccording to claim 1 wherein there is a liquid shortening feed source,an aqueous mixture feed source, and a dry flour feed source.
 7. Anapparatus according to claim 1 wherein said dough has a residence timewithin said continuous operating assemblage during operation of between1 and 3 minutes.
 8. An apparatus for continuous pretzel dough productioncomprising:a continuous operating assemblage having three mixing units,followed by one conveying unit, followed by three mixing units, followedby one conveying unit, said continuous operating assemblage beingadapted to simultaneously mix and convey pretzel dough, said continuousoperating assemblage rotating over a normal operating range of about 95to 105 revolutions per minute and maintains a dough residence timewithin said continuous operating assemblage of between 1 to 3 minutes.9. An apparatus for continuous pretzel dough production comprising:acontinuous operating assemblage having three mixing units, followed byone conveying unit, followed by two mixing units, followed by oneconveying unit, said continuous operating assemblage being adapted tosimultaneously mix and convey pretzel dough, said continuous operatingassemblage rotating over a normal operating range of about 95 to 105revolutions per minute and maintains a dough residence time within saidcontinuous operating assemblage of between 1 to 3 minutes.
 10. Anapparatus for continuous pretzel dough production comprising:acontinuous operating assemblage having two mixing units followed by oneconveying unit, followed by three mixing units, followed by oneconveying unit, said continuous operating assemblage being adapted tosimultaneously mix and convey pretzel dough, said continuous operatingassemblage rotating over a normal operating range of about 95 to 105revolutions per minute and maintains a dough residence time within saidcontinuous operating assemblage of between 1 to 3 minutes.